Gut Immune Cells Increase Resistance To HIV

It seems like most eveything is linked to what takes place in the gut or intestinal tract. Some people consider AIDS to be a consequence of antibiotic use and the subsequent development of systemic fungal candida. Looking at the research below, we see that monkeys who have low levels of Th17 immune cells are more likely to develop Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, which is very similar to HIV, the supposed cause of AIDS. When we look at effects of antibiotics in the body, we see that antibiotics also suppress the Th17 population to almost undetectable levels - http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/GeneralInfectiousDisease/11343

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597589/


Another association is that antibiotics can increase the production of Interleukin-6 (IL6), a cytokine that can cause cachexia or wasting in the muscles. Antibiotics are becoming increasingly associated with more diseases and conditions. The link between AIDS and antibiotics has been suggested several times before. AIDS is an immunosuppressive condition. Antibiotics suppress the immune system. This article supplies us with yet another link between antibiotics and AiDS - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120611122256.htm


"The findings of a new study in monkeys may help clarify why some people infected with HIV are better able to control the virus. They also may pinpoint a target for treatment during early HIV infection aimed at increasing the supply of certain immune cells in the gut, which the study shows could be an important factor in limiting HIV growth in cells throughout the body.

"The research involved a rhesus macaque model of HIV, monkeys who were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV" Abel said. "The course of SIV infection in these monkeys is quite similar to that of HIV in humans."

Both HIV and SIV infections cause severe CD4 T cell loss in the gut during early infection. As a result, the intestinal mucosal barrier, which is like the body's second skin or front line of defense against pathogens, is compromised. The "leaky gut" causes bacteria that are normally located in the gut (the normal flora) to migrate out and activate the immune system throughout the body with disastrous health consequences. "The immune activation contributes to higher replication of the virus. And so the question is, why do some patients progress from infection to AIDS faster than others?" Abel asks.

This new study looked at the balance between certain immune cell populations that might influence disease outcome. The study shows the presence of a subtype of CD4-positive immune cells called Th17 (T helper 17) cells in the gut "could influence disease outcome."
A report of the research appeared in the May 30, 2012 online issue of Science Translational Medicine.

Th17 cells are commonly found at mucosal surfaces and activate epithelial or outer layer barrier cells to secrete antimicrobial molecules, thus blocking disease-causing bacteria from entering. Abel points out that they also stimulate the production of "tight junction" proteins that keep all the cells that make up the intestinal barrier in close contact, "so that bacteria of the normal flora or their products cannot leak out."
The researchers wondered if there are more Th17 cells in the gut, would infection with the AIDS virus still have that early massive effect on gut permeability? And if you could keep the intestinal barrier intact during early infection with HIV, would it have an impact on the severity of disease progression, on having less severe disease in the long run?

Results of the study suggest that the answers may be yes. Rhesus macaques with higher numbers of Th17 cells in blood and intestinal tissue before they are infected with SIV subsequently have lower SIV viral loads. "It appears they're more able to control the infection," Abel said.

The study also found that among animals given a drug that increases regulatory T cells and thereby suppresses Th17 cell development, disease progression occurred more rapidly, and they had higher levels of SIV virus six months after infection.
"The main message of the study is that the frequencies of certain immune cell populations in the normal, still uninfected individual are important in subsequent disease progression and outcome," Abel said. "The paper also suggests that treatment aimed at increasing Th17 cells may improve the control of HIV growth by promoting an environment in which T cells having more anti-viral capabilities are produced."

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